Related research

Solana the Modular
By
Anil Lulla•
As a follow up to last year's "Solana the Monolith", this report explores Solana's evolving role in the modular landscape, highlighting its transition from a highly integrated system to one where its core components, particularly the SVM, are being leveraged across Bitcoin, Ethereum, and beyond.
We dive into the decoupling of the SVM, its impact on existing ecosystems, and the rise of Solana's L2 solutions. These L2s, coupled with new additions for zk-proof verification and interoperability, represent a new wave of modularity on Solana, pushing its boundaries.
The report also examines Solana Permissioned Environments (SPEs) as a strategic move toward institutional adoption, offering compliance and customization for regulated entities. Finally, we explore Solana's role as a shared sequencer for EVM rollups and its potential to enhance cross-chain interoperability.

Diving Into Dark Pools
By
Anil Lulla•
CEX volume is, on average, 10 times higher than DEXs. Is this just because of a better UI? We think there is more to it. Making financial moves in open, transparent blockchains is not free of consequence. Institutions and individuals alike prefer to keep their dealings private. This pain point is not new to crypto. In TradFi, we’ve had private financial systems such as dark pools that have existed since the 1960s.
In this report, we dive into dark pools and how they preserve trader and order privacy before execution and after settlement. We look at how dark pools leverage different PETs (Privacy Enhancing Technologies) such as ZK FHE, MPC, and TEE to accomplish their purpose.

A Look At Dispute Resolution Protocols in Optimistic Rollups
By
Anil Lulla•
The report discusses dispute resolution mechanisms in optimistic rollups, focusing on Arbitrum's new protocol called Bounded Liquidity Delay (BoLD). It contrasts centralized and decentralized systems, highlighting that decentralized systems depend on multiple entities for consensus, leading to potential disputes. BoLD is designed to counter attacks such as delay, economic, and censorship attacks while being permissionless.
The report outlines the dispute resolution process, which involves proposers posting assertions that challengers can contest during a challenge period. It compares Arbitrum's method to those of other optimistic rollups like Optimism, Cartesi, and Fuel, detailing their differing approaches to resolving disputes. Compliance with set timelines and financial stakes is emphasized as crucial to deter malicious activities.
The report concludes that all dispute resolution protocols are still under development, with ongoing research aimed at improving their resilience against various attack vectors.

Prove It: Shared Provers, Proof Aggregation & Prover Marketplaces
By
Anil Lulla•
zk proofs boost application scalability but their generation can be costly and slow, and while zk rollups present a solution, they can lead to centralization and liveness issues. We explored the alternatives that emerged to solve this: prover markets to decentralize proofs, and proof aggregation to reduce costs

zkEVMs Launch on Mainnet
By
Anil Lulla•
🔍 zkEVMs Launch on Mainnet Over the past few months, Optimism and Arbitrum have dominated the Ethereum layer-2 landscape. These […]

Bitcoin Update: Reflecting on 2022 and the Future
By
Anil Lulla•
The past year was a tumultuous one for Bitcoin, with usage stagnating and miners facing increasing pressure. But there were positives as well, like the introduction of Taro.
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